Biology is a discipline with a well-established body of scientific knowledge that contributes to students’ understanding of life on Earth and of the contemporary world. This body of knowledge includes biological facts, principles and laws, theories, procedures for inquiry and applications. Biological knowledge is continuously advancing and dynamically changing. To facilitate learning and teaching of this growing body of knowledge, different approaches may be used, ranging from direct instruction, inquiry to co-construction of knowledge. In addition
to direct instruction and individual study, students should also learn through scientific inquiry processes and collaboration with others.

The primary emphasis of the curriculum is on understanding of biological concepts and principles rather than on memorising unrelated facts. It is essential for students to gain personal experience of scientific inquiry, to see science as a process, and to develop an understanding of its nature and methods. In the learning process, teachers may take up a variety of roles ranging from a transmitter of knowledge to a resource person, facilitator, consultant, counsellor, assessor, and learning partner – and, very often, involve a mixture of some of these. All these roles share the common goal of helping students to become independent and self-directed learners.